A Review of Environmental Impact of Azo Dyes

Abstract

Green plants are one of nature’s factories, fixing inorganic chemicals into organic compounds through photosynthesis and other reactions. Microbes are one of the nature’s most effective tools, converting organic materials—dead plants and animals—into inorganic forms through decomposition and mineralization. Together, green plants and microbes are responsible for maintaining a balance between the organic and inorganic worlds, but pollutants, such as synthetic dyes, can upset this balance. Compared with synthetic dyes, natural dyes are safer and more environmentally friendly, but they are also costlier and more difficult to apply, so they are not viable in most commercial applications. Azo dyes are low cost and have high intensity and color fastness, so they are the most frequently used class of synthetic dyes. The main threats related to the dumping of untreated azo dyes into the environment come from their primary byproducts––aromatic amines––which result from the cleavage of the central azo bonds, and which have been classified as significant carcinogenic compounds, representing a great risk to humans as well as the environment. To address this threat, the degradation of synthetic azo dyes is showing promise as an approach to treating azo-dye wastewater. In this review, the classification of azo dyes and their color mechanism is presented first, and then an overview of the research on their environmental impacts is provided, including their effects on biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, water ecosystems, plants, and crops. Finally, the legislation and guidelines on azo dyes and their byproducts are discussed. Keywords: azo dyes; climate change; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; aromatic amines