Abstract
The history of urological medicine has been traced by the author as far back as the Rawlinsonian Western Asian Inscriptions of Babylonian-Assyrian origin which contains references to kidney therapy and to sharp pain on micturition and also reveals knowledge about stones of the bladder, urinary oozing and retention. The physicians of ancient Egypt had knowledge about the existence of haematuria. Bilharziasis was demonstrated in mummy kidneys. Microscopic evidence relating to mummy kidneys is summed up by the author. Hippocrates gave a very clear description of vesical stones. The definitions of dysuria, stranguria and ischuria date back to Galen. Celsus practized lithotomies by the perineal approach. Ammonios was the proponent of lithotripsy, Susruta was one of its opponents. After the review of medieval medicine of the urinary tract and reference to the families practizing the art of lithotomy as a tradition, the method of France is outlined and the activities of Schenk von Grafenberg as well as of others, as of the pioneers of a new epoch in vesical surgery, are emphasized. The case histories contained in Morgagni's writings are dealt with in detail. The animal experiments preceding nephrectomy in humans as well as the development of the procedures of lithotomy, nephrotomy and nephrectomy are outlined.
Published Version
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