Abstract
The provision of ancillary services by electric vehicles (EVs) such as load smoothing and renewable energy (RE) compensation in the form of an aggregated storage is more regulated in the smart grid context. As such, the presence of multiple EV aggregators in the distribution network requires adept supervision by the distribution system operator (DSO). In this paper, a coordination scheme of aggregators is proposed to smoothen the load profile of distribution networks by enacting EV discharging during peak load and off-peak charging, keeping in view the EV driving requirements. A bi-level on-line interaction procedure from the DSO to the aggregators and vice versa is devised to manage the aggregators based upon their energy capacity and requirements. The aggregators employ a water-filling algorithm in a two-step EV power allocation method. The proposed scheme operation is demonstrated on an medium voltage (MV) distribution feeder located in Seoul with its actual traffic density data. The results show the achievement of peak shaving and valley filling objectives under aggregator coordination and that the EVs are completely charged before departure. The effect of various EV penetration levels and adaptivity of the scheme to RE incorporation is also verified. Furthermore, a comparison with an existing peak shaving method shows the superior performance of the proposed scheme.
Highlights
There is a continuous demand for environmentally friendly technology to fulfill the objective of reducing overall carbon footprints
The load profile without electric vehicles (EVs) is shown for reference
This paper presented a coordination scheme of multiple aggregators to smooth the load profile of distribution system utilizing V2G technique during peak load, and off-peak charging, while taking into account the EV mobility requirements
Summary
There is a continuous demand for environmentally friendly technology to fulfill the objective of reducing overall carbon footprints. A centralized control of EVs has been implemented in Reference [11] to improve the imbalance caused by wind power variations utilizing V2G/G2V techniques In both these studies [10,11], consideration is not given to the application of EVs to improve the overall load profile from the grid perspective. Reference [16] proposes an adjustable power charging method, which takes into account the EV owner’s preferences to establish a fair dispatch of power among the EV aggregators Both these schemes aim for peak load reduction without considering V2G, and the load variance is only minimized to a certain level. The proposed scheme is a rigorous methodology which integrates the important aspects of the previous literature such as multiple aggregators coordination, RE compensation, and load curve flattening through EV support, and it utilizes a fast WF method for its operation.
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