A Backward Scenario Planning Overview of the Greenhouse Gas Emission in Iran by the End of the Sixth Progress Plan

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology have been considered a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study chose a small-scale wastewater treatment plant using MBR technology to estimate its potential for GHG emissions. The total GHG emissions from this wastewater treatment plant ranged from 2,802 to 11,946kg CO2 -eq/month within the 4-year study period, and they were mainly attributable to electricity consumption (79.94%) followed by chemical usages (17.13%) and on-site GHG emissions (2.93%). The on-site GHG emissions varied monthly, but most of them ranged from 80 to 160kg CO2 -eq/month. The aeration tank was an important operating unit for GHG emissions. Off-site GHG emissions mainly came from carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions resulting from electricity consumption. The results of this study provide useful information about the potential of GHG emissions from WWTPs using MBR technology and indicate that WWTPs can be sustainably managed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Wastewater treatment plants have been considered a source of greenhouse gas emissions. Total greenhouse gas emissions from the wastewater treatment plants using membrane bioreactor were mainly attributable to electricity consumption. On-site greenhouse gas emissions were relatively insignificant in this study.

Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from biological wastewater treatment process with experimental verification: A case study of paper mill

ABSTRACTThe open lots and manure stockpiles of dairy farm are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in typical dairy cow housing and manure management system in China. GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions from the ground level of brick-paved open lots and uncovered manure stockpiles were estimated according to the field measurements of a typical dairy farm in Beijing by closed chambers in four consecutive seasons. Location variation and manure removal strategy impacts were assessed on GHG emissions from the open lots. Estimated CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from the ground level of the open lots were 137.5±64.7 kg hd-1 yr-1, 0.45±0.21 kg hd-1 yr-1 and 0.13±0.08 kg hd-1 yr-1, respectively. There were remarkable location variations of GHG emissions from different zones (cubicle zone vs. aisle zone) of the open lot. However, the emissions from the whole open lot were less affected by the locations. After manure removal, lower CH4 but higher N2O emitted from the open lot. Estimated CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from stockpile with a stacking height of 55±12 cm were 858.9±375.8 kg hd-1 yr-1, 8.5±5.4 kg hd-1 yr-1 and 2.3±1.1 kg hd-1 yr-1, respectively. In situ storage duration, which estimated by manure volatile solid contents (VS), would affect GHG emissions from stockpiles. Much higher N2O was emitted from stockpiles in summer due to longer manure storage.Implications: This study deals with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from open lots and stockpiles. It’s an increasing area of concern in some livestock producing countries. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology is commonly used for estimation of national GHG emission inventories. There is a shortage of on-farm information to evaluate the accuracy of these equations and default emission factors. This work provides valuable information for improving accounting practices within China or for similar manure management practice in other countries.

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

Do soil conservation practices exceed their relevance as a countermeasure to greenhouse gases emissions and increase crop productivity in agriculture?

Background Family ranches are major sources of livestock-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in global pastoral ecosystems. We conducted semi-structured interviews and collected data on livestock production and the livelihoods of 235 family ranches in a desert steppe of Inner Mongolia where intensive pastoral management is practiced. A cradle-to-farmgate life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed with functional units standardized as 1 kg live weight (LW) for beef cattle and meat sheep breeds. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to elucidate the socioeconomic forcing mechanisms on GHG emissions. Results Live weight GHG emission varied substantially by livestock type, descending from cows (59.89 kg CO2e/kg) to yearlings (36.32 kg CO2e/kg), bulls (22.26 kg CO2e/kg), calves (20.92 kg CO2e/kg) and meat sheep breeds (19.66 kg CO2e/kg), and GHG emissions from livestock production accounted 77.95% of the total GHG emissions of the family ranches, more than three times those from household life consumption (22.05%). Enteric fermentation in livestock was the dominant GHG emission source (68.15%), followed by food consumption (8.58%) and coal combustion (8.13%). Among demographic characteristics, economic status appears the primary factor influencing the total GHG emission. Conclusions Our micro-scale analysis provides insight for addressing GHG mitigation in pastoral systems through coupling the socioeconomic forcing mechanisms on methane emissions. We advocate the use of methane-inhibiting feed additives and shifts toward heating systems that use renewable energy while sustaining pastoral life, offering actionable pathways for low-carbon transition in extensively grazed pastoral systems.

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Urban water cycle systems(UWCS), including water treatment facilities, distribution facilities, sewers, and wastewater treatment facilities, are energy intensive and significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making the reduction of GHG emissions and the transition to eco-friendly energy essential. This study identifies specific GHG emission sources at each stage of the UWCS and proposes detailed methods to achieve a 40% reduction in GHG emissions, implement RE100, and attain Net Zero by employing insets and offsets. This study develops scenarios for insets and offsets based on the baseline process of the UWCS, and investigates potential pathways to reduce GHG emissions by quantifying emissions from each process. Internal insets, which are self-implemented and technical measures, are prioritized, while external offsets are applied to compensate for the remaining emissions. Internal insets include the application of anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power(CHP), improvements in energy efficiency of equipment, reduction in water pipe leakage, implementation of water footprint labeling, and installation of on-site photovoltaic system. External offsets comprise renewable energy certificates(REC), power purchase agreements(PPA), green hydrogen fuel for vehicles, natural sequestration improvement, and emission trading system. GHG emissions at each stage within the UWCS are quantified using modeling software. Based on these results, the effectiveness of insets and offsets in achieving a 40% GHG emissions reduction, Net Zero, and RE100 goal is analyzed. The baseline total GHG emissions for the UWCS are estimated at 4,732.8 tCO2eq/yr, of which 56.8% is identified as targets for internal insets, and the remaining 43.2% is reduced through external offsets. A 40% GHG reduction can be achieved through internal insets, and Net Zero can be attained by incorporating additionally applying external offsets. The total power demand of UWCS facilities and equipment is calculated as 572.8 kW. Renewable energy is generated through anaerobic digesters and CHP(116.1kW) as well as on-site PV(395.0 kW), while RE100 compliance is achieved by securing an aditional 61.7 kW through REC/PPA. Achieving Net Zero and RE100 requires prioritizing strategies for insets, offsets and efficient resource allocation. For this, the technical feasibility and self-implementation potential of reduction efforts and the external conditions for offsets, should be carefully reviewed to optimize implementation strategies. GHG reduction and renewable energy utilization in the UWCS are key priorities for addressing the climate crisis and achieving sustainable water resource management, requiring technological innovation and institutional support. The comprehensive and systematic application of GHG insets and offsets is the optimal approach to achieving these goals. Furthermore, modeling software serves as a key tool for quantifying GHG emissions and formulating concrete, viable GHG reduction strategies. In addition to the technical and institutional approaches proposed in this study, achieving Net Zero and implementing RE100 requires the integrated consideration of economic factors in the future.

Municipal water and wastewater services have complicated sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantifying their roles is critical for tackling global environmental challenges. In this study we provide a systematic review of the state‐of‐the‐art on GHG emission characterizations of China's urban water infrastructure with the aim of shedding light on global implications for sustainable development. We started by synthesizing a framework on GHG emissions associated with water and wastewater infrastructure. Then we analyzed the different sources of GHG emissions in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. In drinking water services, electricity consumption is the largest source of GHG emissions. A particular concern in China is the common use of secondary pumping for high‐rise buildings. Optimized pressure management with an efficient pumping system should be prioritized. In wastewater services, non‐CO2 emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are substantial, but vary greatly depending on regional and technological differences. Further research directions may include GHG inventory development for urban water systems at the plant level, quantifications of GHG emissions from sewer systems, emission reduction measures via water reclamation, renewable energy recovery, energy efficiency improvement, cost–benefit analyses, and characterizations of Scope 3 emissions.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Engineering Water > Planning Water

Tropical reservoirs serve a crucial role in the efficient management of water resources contributing to public supply, irrigation, and flow regulation. However, they often emerge as significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and social conflicts. These aquatic ecosystems are located in various Brazilian biomes, such as the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant (UHE), situated in the Amazon biome, and the Pedreira and Duas Pontes reservoirs, currently under construction in the Atlantic Forest biome. Each of these reservoirs reflects the complexity of interactions between environmental and social factors, requiring meticulous analysis in light of growing concerns about climate change.The proposed research includes the collection and analysis of environmental and operational data related to these reservoirs, considering crucial variables such as flooded area, types of aquatic vegetation present, and local climatic data. A central focus of the study is to understand how social practices and land use in adjacent areas influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To achieve this, a comprehensive analysis of agricultural and urban activities that may affect both the availability of organic matter and the decomposition dynamics in the reservoirs is conducted.The methodology adopted utilizes a socio-hydrological approach, allowing for an in-depth investigation of the interrelationships between social and environmental factors. The research includes the application of the G-Res tool to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from management practices in the reservoirs. The aim is to understand the community's perceptions regarding water, conservation practices, and their correlations with GHG emissions, with the goal of providing practical recommendations that promote more efficient and sustainable water management.The study aims to develop future solutions that address interconnected environmental and social issues, aligning with the goals of water sustainability in Brazil, minimizing GHG emissions, and encouraging sustainable practices; thereby contributing to the conservation of water resources and improving the quality of life for local communities. Keywords: Tropical Reservoirs, Greenhouse Gases, Sustainable Water Management, Socio-Hydrological Approach, Tropical Biomes.

Dairy farming is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture. There are numerous scientific studies analysing GHG flows and testing GHG reduction methods in dairy farming, yet very few scientific papers cover all the relevant GHG flows. GHG flows that are difficult to quantify, such as C sequestration in soils, the effects of land-use change (LUC) or the energy input used to produce capital equipment, are not always considered.This paper describes the development and application of a model for energy and GHG accounting in dairy farming. This new model enables all relevant nutrient, energy and GHG flows to be modelled at farm level. This then forms the basis for system analysis and derivation of GHG mitigation strategies. The model was used on 18 organic and 18 con-ventional farms in Germany. Calculated CO2-eq emissions per kg of Energy Corrected Milk (ECM) were 995 g on average for organic farms (org) and 1,048 g on average for conventional farms (con). The largest contribution (55 % (org) and 43 % (con)) to total GHG emissions came from enteric methane emissions (549 g CO2-eq (kg ECM)-1 (org) and 449 g CO2-eq (kg ECM)-1 (con)). On the organic dairy farms, there was an increase in soil humus and therefore carbon storage and sequestration in soils, whereas the GHG emissions for the conventional farms included CO2 emissions from LUC due to soybean usage. The significantly higher energy input in the conventional systems resulted from the production of energy-intensive concentrates, mineral fertilisers and pesticides, and transportation (imported feed).This study shows that there are many factors that influence GHG emissions in dairy farming, and that these factors often interact with each other. An increase in productivity is one of several optimisation strategies; however, it must not be at the expense of productive lifetime or require an extremely high amount of concentrates. GHG reduction in dairy farming requires farm-specific optimisation approaches due to the heterogeneity of production systems.

(Micro)plastic crisis: Un-ignorable contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change

Embodied GHG emissions of buildings – The hidden challenge for effective climate change mitigation

Responses of CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions to different slurry pH values of 5.5–10.0: Characteristics and mechanisms

The activity of exploration and production in oil and gas industry is significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission source. PT. XYZ is one of upstream oil and gas industry in Indonesia and it have large crude oil and gas potential with it reserves that not manage yet. Therefore, GHG emission potential from the activity of exploration and production in PT. XYZ is very large. This study is done for estimate GHG emission reduction potential in PT. XYZ from various activities. Emission inventory is the first step to estimate GHG released to atmosphere. Method of estimation use the method developed by American Petroleum Institute (API). This study considers three types of mitigation measures options, including technical options (scenario 1), behavior option (scenario 2), and policy option (scenario 3). Based on emission inventory, flare and oil storage tank are primary source of GHG emissions in PT. XYZ. Scenario 1 prefers control of GHG emissions in flare and storage tank as primary emission source. While others scenario prefers to control GHG emission from transportation sector. Scenario 1 has potential to reduce emissions by 48.3 %. While scenario 2, and 3 in sequences have potential to reduce emissions by 0.15%, and 0.52%. Emissions flare and oil storage tank can be reduced through the installation of flaring gas recovery unit and vapor recovery unit. Both are effective and efficient in reducing GHG emissions in PT. XYZ. In addition, all mitigation measures of transportation sector provide benefits even though the amount of GHG that can be reduced is not significant.