Abstract
The substantial growth in mobile Internet and Internet of Things traffic has made system capacity enhancement the most important requirement for next-generation mobile communication systems. Massive multiple-input, multiple-output (mMIMO) is a key technology for fulfilling the traffic requirements because of its strong potential to boost spectral efficiency (SE). However, the uplink and downlink of mMIMO usually operate in time-division duplex (TDD) or frequency-division duplex (FDD), which results in an insufficient utilization of time-frequency resources.
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