Abstract
This brief presents a 40-nW 0.5-V supply voltage and 0.24-V output reference for an energy harvester. The emitter–base voltage of a PNP transistor is divided by the presented switch capacitor circuit to obtain the low output reference. The resistorless proportional-to-absolute-temperature circuit and the low-voltage high-power-supply-rejection-ratio current source are used to improve the accuracy and line regulation performance of the reference. The proposed bandgap reference is implemented in a 0.18- $\mu\text{m}$ standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process and has a total area of 0.058 mm2. Test results show that the minimum supply voltage is 0.5 V due to the clock bootstrap and $2\times\text{VDD}$ doubler. The line regulation is about 1.1 mV/V in the supply voltage range of 0.5–0.9 V. With 3-bit trimming, the temperature coefficient of 58 ppm/°C in the range of −25 °C–85 °C and the accuracy of 0.9% $(3\delta)$ can be achieved.
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