A 0.4-mA-Quiescent-Current, 0.00091%-THD+N Class-D Audio Amplifier With Low-Complexity Frequency Equalization for PWM-Residual- Aliasing Reduction

Abstract

This article proposes a low-complexity frequency equalization technique for pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-residual-aliasing reduction in closed-loop Class-D audio amplifiers to achieve both low total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) and low quiescent current. Based on the comprehensive analysis on the phase shift delay between the audio input and the loop filter’s output for the prior PWM-residual-aliasing reduction technique, the proposed technique minimizes the non-idealities via a frequency-equalization path to enhance the cancellation ability of high-frequency PWM switching components. In this way, the PWM-residual-aliasing distortion is greatly suppressed, thereby permitting Class-D audio amplifiers to achieve a further-reduced THD+N for the entire audio band while operating at a low switching frequency ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{\mathrm {SW}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), leading to less quiescent current consumption. Moreover, due to the minimized phase shift delay, the required bias current of the loop filter’s first operational amplifier for the target THD+N can be reduced, resulting in even lower quiescent current. Compared with other state of the arts, this work’s high-fidelity second-order Class-D audio amplifier, fabricated with cost-efficient 0.5- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS technology, not only achieves a competitive minimal THD+N of 0.00091% for a 1-kHz input as well as the lowest maximal THD+N of 0.0027% over the entire audio band while operating at a low <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{\mathrm {SW}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 168 kHz but also features both the highest figure of merit (FOM) of 2536 and the lowest quiescent current of 0.4 mA, surpassing the prior arts by a factor of 2.3.