9 - 3D woven natural fiber structures

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) woven structure-based composites are preferred over two-dimensional (2D) woven composites because of their better resistance against delamination and improved out-of-plane properties due to the presence of fibers/yarns in the z-direction in high-performance applications, for example, in the aerospace, automobile, marine, and construction industries. 3D woven structures are gaining attraction because of their reduced part count and low manufacturing cost, as well as their capability to form near-net shapes. However, the ability to withstand damage depends on weave design, z-binder yarn, and interlocking pattern. Generally, synthetic fibers, that is, glass and carbon, are used for different high-tech applications. But, nowadays, natural fibers are gaining importance due to environmental concerns. However, the mechanical performance of natural fibers is a serious concern for the industry. By playing with the position and pattern of yarns in 3D woven structures, these properties can be optimized. This chapter presents the designs of 3D woven structures made of natural fibers. The typical 3D woven structures include orthogonal interlock layer-to-layer and through-thickness and angle interlock layer-to-layer and through-thickness. Also, weaving methods for hybrid and auxetic 3D woven structures made from natural fibers are discussed. Furthermore, the advantages of one over the other, composite fabrication methods, mechanical performance, and application areas of 3D woven composites are presented.