Abstract
•Renal organogenesis is a complex interaction between gene stimulation of planned growth and complementary apoptosis that allows appropriate development of the functioning renal organ system, vascular bed, and intertwined genital system.•The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is critical to normal renal development through delicate interaction between the maternal–placental RAS and the developing fetal RAS that has central hormone-specific and sex-specific configurations that help the developing vascular and renal organogenesis.•Fetal development, genetic factors, and environmental factors control ultimate nephron numbers. Lower than normal nephron numbers at birth may predispose the adult to renal and cardiac disease.
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