Abstract
Transporters assist in the movement of heavy metal ions and maintenance of intracellular homeostasis. They mediate the sequestration of metal ions. ATPases (HMAs), Nramps, cation diffusion facilitators (CDFs), and ZIP proteins are the metal transporters well recognized in plants. They assist in transport and compartmentalization of metals. Cation exchanger CAX2, Cd/H antiporter, and Ca2+/H+ antiporters (ECA1) assist in uptake and transfer of Mn to the vacuole or endoplasmic reticulum. P-type ATPase, viz., PMR1 pumps Mn into the secretory pathway while a ZIP member, viz., AtZIP1 transports Mn out of the vacuole. ZAT proteins assist in vacuolar sequestration of Zn while ZnT proteins efflux it out of the cell. Chaperone proteins, viz., CCH, ATX, and P-type ATPases sequester/chelate Cu and assist in its intracellular transport in the cytosol, thereby maintaining homeostasis. Amino acids such as histidine and nicotinamine form complexes with Ni ions. MTP proteins mediate the accumulation of Zn and vacuolar storage of Ni.
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