Abstract
There is extensive experimental evidence that oxidative damage permanently occurs to lipids of cellular membranes, proteins, and DNA. In nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, 8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) or 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′ -deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is one of the predominant forms of free radical-induced oxidative lesions, and has therefore been widely used as a biomarker for oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. Studies showed that urinary 8-OHdG is a good biomarker for risk assessment of various cancers and degenerative diseases. The most widely used method of quantitative analysis is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (EC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. In order to resolve the methodological problems encountered in measuring quantitatively 8-OHdG, the European Standards Committee for Oxidative DNA Damage was set up in 1997 to resolve the artifactual oxidation problems during the procedures of isolation and purification of oxidative DNA products. The biomarker 8-OHdG or 8-oxodG has been a pivotal marker for measuring the effect of endogenous oxidative damage to DNA and as a factor of initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis. The biomarker has been used to estimate the DNA damage in humans after exposure to cancer-causing agents, such as tobacco smoke, asbestos fibers, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In recent years, 8-OHdG has been used widely in many studies not only as a biomarker for the measurement of endogenous oxidative DNA damage but also as a risk factor for many diseases including cancer.
Highlights
При травме или длительном воздействии патоло гических факторов может наступать необратимое по вреждение клеток
Gradual slight increase in concentration of extracel lular DNA in plasma during the first week of observation [1.71 (1.23, 1.92) pg/ml was observed on day 7 after the trauma. This increase was due to intensifica tion of liquidating post trauma processes of removing of cellular disintegration products liberated from damaged tissues
The findings suggest that the increased content of extracellular DNA day 15 might be explained by liberation of DNA from cells of damaged tissues into circulation, along with the significant contribution of DNA from white blood cells damaged by necrotic and apoptotic mecha nisms
Summary
При травме или длительном воздействии патоло гических факторов может наступать необратимое по вреждение клеток. В норме процессы пролиферации и отмирания клеток находятся в динамическом равнове сии. В результате травмы и массивной кровопотери происходит сдвиг равновесия в сторону гибели клеток, что может способствовать развитию критического со стояния. Общеизвестными и наиболее распространен ными путями гибели клеток являются апоптоз и не кроз. Некроз представляет собой патологическую форму гибели клеток, как правило, в результате остро го повреждения, которое приводит к разрушению кле точных и внутриклеточных мембран, вследствие чего происходит разрушение мембран лизосом, приводящее к выходу лизосомальных ферментов, протеолизу и, в конечном счете, распаду клетки [1, 2]. Апоптоз являет ся запрограмированным явлением клеточной гибели, вызванной как физиологическими, так и патологичес кими факторами [3].
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