Abstract
The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) defines early warning systems (EWS) as “the set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss”. This definition comprises the four interlocking elements indicated in, namely (1) risk knowledge, (2) monitoring and warning, (3) dissemination and communication, and (4) response capability. Each element must function efficiently, as the failure of any of them could result in a failure of the whole system. The dissemination and communication component of the EWS model proposed by UNISDR is commonly known as a public warning and its effectiveness is unavoidably linked to communication technologies.
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