Abstract
The chapter emphasizes on potentiometric ion-selective electrodes. Potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) belong to one of the most important groups of chemical sensors. The application of ISEs has evolved to a well-established routine analytical technique in many fields, including clinical and environmental analysis, physiology, and process control. The essential part of ISEs is the ion-selective membrane that is commonly placed between two aqueous phases: the sample and the inner solutions containing an analyte ion. The membrane can be a glass, a crystalline solid, or a liquid. A very low analyte activity can be determined only by measuring the potential difference rather than detecting a very small signal. The liquid membranes are hydrophobic and immiscible with water, and are commonly made of plasticized poly. Principles of liquid membrane ISEs can be introduced by using simple concepts of ion-transfer equilibrium at liquid membrane interfaces. ISEs depend on a change in the phase boundary potential at the membrane solution interface, which can be controlled by bulk equilibrium.
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