Abstract
Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering application are employed as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) for an accurate and quick regeneration of tissue. To mimic the natural tissue, 3D scaffolds should be similar to ECM physically, structurally, and chemically. The freeze-drying method introduced an advanced technology to produce highly porous 3D scaffolds with complex pore morphology, using a wide range of materials including natural polymer, synthetic polymer, and ceramics, which opened a vast opportunity in hard and soft tissue engineering especially for bone tissue. The aim of this review is to illuminate the fundamental principles of freeze-drying and summarize the parameters that can affect the pore size and morphology of freeze-dried scaffolds. Briefly, a freezing rate using a mold could significantly affect the morphology of pores, while changing polymer/ceramic concentration and viscosity would be effective on pore size. At the end, the outlook on future development of freeze-drying technology for tissue engineering are addressed.
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