Abstract
This chapter reviews several effective medium theories, based on analytical, numerical, or experimental techniques. Effective medium theories can be used to describe inhomogeneous media, and they also represent a valuable tool for predicting and designing the electromagnetic response of natural and artificial materials. Particular attention is given to the Maxwell Garnett and the Bruggeman theories, whose theoretical derivations are adapted to both spherical and nonspherical inclusions. Quasi-static numerical approaches and the Nicolson–Ross–Weir technique are also presented, together with simple examples of the use of effective medium theories in the field of artificial materials, i.e., multilayer and wire media. Finally, the effects of spatial dispersion and the possibility to engineer artificial magnetic or bianisotropic materials are discussed.
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