Abstract
This chapter discusses the way users can build their own logic gates using various conversion methods. The effect of adding the NOT gates to the inputs is to invert the inputs before they are applied to the OR gate. If users were to add NOT gates to the input of an AND gate, the users could draw up the truth tables and discover that the overall result would be a NOR gate. A zero level input would provide logic 1 output, and likewise logic 1 input would be inverted to logic 0. A NAND gate can be easily changed to a NOT gate. If users have a supply of NAND or NOR gates, they can make any other gates. For this reason, the NAND and NOR gates are referred to as Universal gates. They are used to change expressions using AND and NAND gates into equivalent circuits using OR or NOR gates. If users decide to use just one type of gate, either a NAND or NOR, they can buy them more cheaply by ordering them in large quantities.
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