Abstract
This chapter elaborates the regulation of arterial pressure. The average arterial pressure originates from the heart pumping blood from the venous side of the circulation to the arterial side. The pulse pressure derives from the ejection of a volume of blood, along with the compliance of the arteries and the total peripheral resistance. Regulation of the average arterial blood pressure is accomplished in the short run through the baroreceptor reflex. Sensory afferents from the carotid body and aortic bodies travel over the glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX, and the vagus nerve, CN X, respectively, to make connections within the nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla. The inspiratory center is active during inspiration and it sends collateral fibers to inhibit cells in the nucleus ambiguous that drive parasympathetic efferents to the heart. Inspiration therefore inhibits parasympathetic tone, which accelerates the heart rate during inspiration. It is found that long-term regulation of blood pressure is achieved by regulating the volume of the extracellular fluid and its distribution between veins and arteries.
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