Abstract
Real-time two-dimensional echocardiography displays cardiac anatomy in a cross section. The technique is particularly useful in the investigation of disorders that alter the spatial relationships within the heart. In echocardiography, linear arrays have been superseded by sector scanners, so they are the focus of the chapter. Sector scans are recorded with a phased array system. The maneuverability of the small transducers makes sector scanners particularly suitable for cardiac scanning. Phased arrays and recently developed mechanical systems have the wide scanning angle needed for adequate imaging of the adult heart. This chapter describes four standard transducer positions—parasternal, apical, subxiphoid, and suprasternal. In the parasternal probe position, the probe is positioned at the left sternal edge in the third or fourth interspace. Long-axis images are obtained by aligning it with the left ventricular long axis. In the apical probe position, the probe is positioned on or internal to the apex beat. Long-axis views are obtained by aligning it with the left ventricular long axis. In the subxiphoid position, the probe is positioned just below the xiphoid process, and in suprasternal probe position, the probe is positioned in the suprasternal notch.
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