Abstract
This chapter discusses the time dependence of the tunnel lining pressure caused by the time-dependent response of the surrounding ground. It describes the present state of knowledge on the rheological behavior of rocks and rock masses and its effects on the design of tunnel linings by analytical and numerical methods. The response of rocks to external loads can be greatly influenced by the rate of loading and the time under load. The effect of time or the rate of strain on the mechanical behavior of rocks has two main origins: (1) motion of defects in the crystalline structure within the constituent minerals and (2) stable microfracturing. When stable crack propagation plays an important role in the inelastic rock deformation, the rock is said to be in the brittle regime. In this regime, the propagation of fractures leads to their coalescence and an eventual formation of failure planes, which is mostly associated with dilation, especially in low porosity rocks. The chapter presents methods for the determination of basic rock creep parameters.
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