Abstract
In this study, a novel Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)/Bacterial Cellulose (BC) composite, bone tissue scaffolds were fabricated using 3D printing technology. The printed scaffolds were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile testing, swelling behaviour, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and in vitro cell culture assay. Results demonstrated that bacterial cellulose addition affected the characteristic properties of the blends. Morphological studies revealed the homogenous dispersion of the bacterial cellulose within the 12 wt%PVA/0.25 wt%hBN matrix. Tensile strength of the scaffolds was decreased with the incorporation of BC and 12 wt%PVA/0.25 wt%hBN/0.5 wt%BC had the highest elongation at break value (93%). A significant increase in human osteoblast cell viability on 3D scaffolds was observed for 12 wt%PVA/0.25 wt%hBN/0.5 wt%BC. Cell morphology on composite scaffolds showed that bacterial cellulose doped scaffolds appeared to adhere to the cells. The present work deduced that bacterial cellulose doped 3D printed scaffolds with well-defined porous structures have considerable potential as a suitable tissue scaffold for bone tissue engineering (BTE).
Highlights
Bone has the responsibility within the body to offer mechanical support and flexibility, consists of 60% mineral, 30% organic component, and 10% water [1]
The peak at ~1237.1 cm-1 might be due to the B-N modes of the sp2-bonded hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and another peak at ~742.5 cm-1 might be due to the B-N-B out-of-plane bending vibration [15]
Human osteoblast cells exhibited increased proliferation and better extracellular matrix compatibility at 12 wt%Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/0.25 wt%hBN/0.5 wt%Bacterial Cellulose (BC) composite scaffolds compared to the 12 wt%PVA
Summary
Bone has the responsibility within the body to offer mechanical support and flexibility, consists of 60% mineral, 30% organic component, and 10% water [1]. There are some limitations or difficulties in terms of clinical practice To overcome these challenges, bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to regenerate bones via combination of cells, biomaterials and factor therapy [3]. There are some traditional fabrication methods such as gas foaming, freeze-drying, fiber bonding, particulate/salt leaching, emulsification and phase separation/inversion [4] These methods may have some problems with the control of the geometry, porosity and pore shape. 3D printing is a novel method to overcome these disadvantages of traditional methods This new technology has been used to build scaffolds with designed shapes and porosity which leads to improved cell growth and regeneration [5, 6]. They reported that hBN addition improved the mechanical properties of the composites
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