3D large eddy simulation (LES) calculations and experiments of natural convection in a laterally-heated cylindrical enclosure for crystal growth

Abstract

The ammonothermal crystal growth technique is one of the most effective methods used for growing Gallium Nitride (GaN) crystals in terms of the final product quality and manufacturing efficiency. Popular applications of GaN crystals include light emitting diodes (LEDs) and high-frequency electronic devices. A laterally-heated cylindrical enclosure with a top to bottom temperature gradient is considered in this study to investigate the fluid mechanics and heat transfer in an ammonothermal crystal growth reactor. Three-dimensional (3D) large eddy simulations (LES) results of natural convection in a laterally heated cylindrical reactor, using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, ANSYS FLUENT, are presented in this paper for a Rayleigh number (Ra) of 8.8×106. The Ra is defined based on a length scale that is equal to the ratio of volume to the lateral area of the cylinder (R/2). In addition, an experiment of a geometrically- and dynamically-similar geometry is developed, and particle image velocimetry (PIV)-based flow visualizations are carried out for the purpose of validating the numerical model. Comparisons between experiments and numerical simulations showed that flow patterns were qualitatively similar, and Fourier transforms of velocity magnitudes at selected points in the domain matched reasonably well. An added interesting observation in the simulation was the existence of temperature inversion, which has potential implications on the choice of mineralizer (acidic/basic).