3D diving behavior of Weddell seals with respect to prey accessibility and abundance

Abstract

The foraging behavior of predators is influenced by the distribution of prey at different spatial and temporal scales. In marine environments, aquatic animals move in 3 spatial dimensions; however, previous studies of the fine-scale movements of predators were limited to only the vertical component of diving behavior. Here, we have analyzed image data along the 3D dive paths of Wed- dell seals Leptonychotes weddellii to address the 3D nature of their interactions with prey at the spa- tial and temporal scales relevant to an individual predator. The 3D dive paths were calculated using acceleration and geomagnetic intensity data. A prey index was estimated using image data taken by digital still picture loggers. The descent and ascent phases of a dive were more linear than the bot- tom phase, and the prey index during the bottom phase was significantly higher than those during the descent and ascent phases. These results suggest that the bottom phase does indeed represent time spent foraging in a prey patch, and that the descent and ascent phases represent the transit between an ice hole and a prey patch. The 3D dive paths of individual seals were affected by the location of breathing holes in the ice and by the slope of local bathymetric features around their breeding colony. Our data suggest that once seals encounter prey, they dive no further, which mini- mizes their distance from the breathing hole and maximizes their time spent foraging.