Abstract
A wide variety of experimental models including 2D cell cultures, model organisms, and 3D in vitro models have been developed to understand pathophysiological phenomena and assess the safety and efficacy of potential therapeutics. In this sense, 3D in vitro models are an intermediate between 2D cell cultures and animal models, as they adequately reproduce 3D microenvironments and human physiology while also being controllable and reproducible. Particularly, recent advances in 3D in vitro biomimicry models, which can produce complex cell structures, shapes, and arrangements, can more similarly reflect in vivo conditions than 2D cell culture. Based on this, 3D bioprinting technology, which enables to place the desired materials in the desired locations, has been introduced to fabricate tissue models with high structural similarity to the native tissues. Therefore, this review discusses the recent developments in this field and the key features of various types of 3D-bioprinted tissues, particularly those associated with blood vessels or highly vascularized organs, such as the heart, liver, and kidney. Moreover, this review also summarizes the current state of the three categories: (1) chemical substance treatment, (2) 3D bioprinting of lesions, and (3) recapitulation of tumor microenvironments (TME) of 3D bioprinting-based disease models according to their disease modeling approach. Finally, we propose the future directions of 3D bioprinting approaches for the creation of more advanced in vitro biomimetic 3D tissues, as well as the translation of 3D bioprinted tissue models to clinical applications.
Highlights
The establishment of effective methods for disease treatment and prevention requires a clear understanding of pathophysiological phenomena
Spheroids can resemble the characteristics of native tissue in terms of cellular behaviors including proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and migration, simulating complex structures using these models can be quite challenging (Chatzinikolaidou, 2016; Hoes et al, 2019; Salaris and Rosa, 2019). 3D in vitro models constructed using microengineering such as micropattern and microfluidic channels enable the spatial organization of cells with micronscale precision (Bhatia and Ingber, 2014; Laurent et al, 2017)
The authors concluded that the use of tissue-specific bioink and digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D bioprinting resulted in a corresponding reproduction of the microenvironment and structural features of native liver tissue, enhancing cell viability and liver functions such as albumin and urea secretion (Mao et al, 2020)
Summary
The establishment of effective methods for disease treatment and prevention requires a clear understanding of pathophysiological phenomena. 3D bioprinting technique facilitates the generation of vascularized in vitro tissue models because endothelial cells (ECs) can be positioned to form lumen structure effortlessly.
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