Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to present a three-dimensional (3D) antenna array to improve the performance of wireless power transmission (WPT) systems, as well as its characterization with over-the-air (OTA) multi-sine techniques. The 3D antenna consists of 15 antenna elements attached to an alternative 3D structure, allowing energy to be transmitted to all azimuth directions at different elevation angles without moving. The OTA multi-sine characterization technique was first utilized to identify issues in antenna arrays. However, in this work, the technique is used to identify which elements of the 3D antenna should operate to transmit the energy in a specific direction. Besides, the 3D antenna design description and its characterization are performed to authenticate its operation. Since 3D antennas are an advantage in WPT applications, the antenna is evaluated in a real WPT scenario to power an RF–DC converter, and experimental results are presented.
Highlights
Fifth generation (5G) of communications brings optimization and modernization of today’s infrastructures
Since this work aims to present and characterize a 3D antenna array for wireless power transmission (WPT) applications, this technique highlights using an multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system composed of several transmitters, each antenna element can be fed by each transmitter with a main tone and a tickle tone
A detailed characterization process of the 3D antenna was performed, where the OTA multi-sine characterization techniqueofwas to characterize and identify antenna to carry out process thefirst
Summary
Fifth generation (5G) of communications brings optimization and modernization of today’s infrastructures. In [20], this OTA multi-sine method was used to calibrate the transmitting MIMO antennas’ main beam to be aligned with the receiver This leads to the main goal of this work, which is to present a 3D antenna capable of performing robust coverage for WPT systems in all directions and its characterization. The 3D antenna array should follow a beamswitching operation; in other words, all the antenna elements should not be simultaneously active Switching operation; in other words, all the antenna elements should not be the main goal of using this antenna is to power passive or low-power simultaneously active This means that, to control the antenna radiation pattern, switching sensors in WPT scenarios. Elements are relatively close to each other, mutual coupling between elements occurs when two active antenna elements are operating, and this should be taken into account
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