32 Associations between Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities and Cognition in Late Adulthood.

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Objective:There has been relatively little research on the effect of childhood attention difficulties/weaknesses and learning disabilities/differences on cognitive aging. This study examined associations between self-reported symptoms and diagnoses/concerns of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading or math learning disabilities (LD) and cognitive abilities in older adulthood. We hypothesized that cognitive weaknesses in childhood would be associated with cognitive abilities later in life.Participants and Methods:The 25 individuals with healthy cognition or MCI were recruited from the greater Philadelphia area (Mage= 74.4; SD= 5.34; 40% men; 84%white) and completed a self-report questionnaire of childhood ADHD and LD. Specifically, participants rated their experience of ADHD symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity and indicated whether they had a past diagnosis of (or concerns regarding past) ADHD, math LD or language/reading LD Participants also completed tests of language, attention, episodic memory, executive function, and processing speed. Pearson or point-biserial correlation coefficients (r-values) indicating a medium effect size (.30 or greater) were interpreted as meaningful.Results:On average, participants reported 3.48 symptoms of inattention and 2.56 symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity (i.e., at least six symptoms from either category are consistent with diagnostic criteria for ADHD). 16% of the sample reported childhood ADHD/attention difficulties, 48% reported childhood math LD/math difficulties, and 32% reported childhood language LD/difficulties. On cognitive tests, the sample performed in the average range, with considerable variability (i.e., norm-based, demographically adjusted T-scores ranged from 20-74). The relation between cognitive scores and report of childhood ADHD symptoms was weak and non-significant correlation (r<.18). By contrast, report of childhood ADHD/attention difficulties was associated with lower scores attention tests (r=.33). Report of childhood language LD/difficulties was associated with a worse overall cognitive composite (r=-.35) and executive function ability (r=-.35). Childhood math LD/difficulties was not meaningfully associated with lower scores on any of the cognitive tests administered. Unexpectedly, report of childhood cognitive difficulties also were associated with higher scores on cognitive tests, such that childhood ADHD/attention difficulties was associated with better performance on tests of episodic memory (r=.39), and childhood math LD/difficulties were associated with better performance on tests of language (r=-.37).Conclusions:Current cognitive abilities in older adults may be influenced by lifelong cognitive weakness and academic difficulties. A history of ADHD and LD/difficulties should be considered in clinical neuropsychological assessment and future research on cognitive aging should consider ADHD/LD from a lifespan, developmental framework.