Abstract
A number of experimental studies have been done regarding the mechanism of tunnel face failure but most of the studies are based on the observation of failure mechanisms using experimental models in two-dimensional and pseudo-three-dimensional model tests. And three-dimensional behavior of the face failure is not well studied yet. The objective of this paper is to investigate failure mechanism behind a tunnel face quantitatively by using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and to visualize the face failure on a three-dimensional basis through a tunnel pull-out model test. As a result of this study, the development of the failure zone at the time of face failure could be described elaborately. And the quantitative findings include that arching effect occurs when the overburden ratio is more than 2D (two times the outer diameter of the pull-out core) and that the volume of the failure zone behind the face is independent of the overburden ratio.
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