Abstract
This Chapter 3 expands on the conclusions of first two chapters about data network and its architecture especially based on Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model and delves deeper in to layer 1 and 2 of the OSI seven-layer model. The chapter describes the Ethernet protocol and its role in layer 2 and its dependence on layer 1. The chapter then traces the Ethernet evolution from shared coaxial cable medium based protocol to hub based then finally to bridge- and switch-based protocol. This chapter also covers the additions of Spanning Tree Protocol to provide reliability and virtual local area network (VLAN) specification for segmenting broadcast domains and to provide quality of service functions in the Ethernet protocol. Impact of fiber optics on the Ethernet protocol to achieve higher bandwidths over longer distances is also traced in this chapter. This was critical for the emergence of Ethernet from LAN to metropolitan area network, and then with the implementation of Ethernet over dense wavelength-division multiplexing, its usage was extended to regional area network (RAN) and wide area network (WAN) at both layer 2 and layer 1 of the OSI seven-layer model. This is also covered in this chapter.
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