Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) growth-induced 3D shaping enables shape-morphing materials for diverse applications. However, quantitative design of 2D growth for arbitrary 3D shapes remains challenging. Here we show a 2D material programming approach for 3D shaping, which prints hydrogel sheets encoded with spatially controlled in-plane growth (contraction) and transforms them to programmed 3D structures. We design 2D growth for target 3D shapes via conformal flattening. We introduce the concept of cone singularities to increase the accessible space of 3D shapes. For active shape selection, we encode shape-guiding modules in growth that direct shape morphing toward target shapes among isometric configurations. Our flexible 2D printing process enables the formation of multimaterial 3D structures. We demonstrate the ability to create 3D structures with a variety of morphologies, including automobiles, batoid fish, and real human face.
Highlights
1234567890():,; Morphing thin sheets, or two-dimensional (2D) materials, into programmed 3D shapes is emerging as a paradigm in additive manufacturing1,2. 3D-shaped 2D materials abound in man-made and biological systems and play diverse functions[3]
Inspired by biological morphogenesis and motions, in-plane growth-induced 3D shaping approaches have shown their unique capability to create shape-changing hydrogel structures with doubly curved morphologies and motions, commonly observed in living organisms but difficult to replicate in man-made structures[2,3,4]
Inspired by biological morphogenesis and motion, we have demonstrated a 2D material programming approach to creating shape-morphing 3D structures with complex, doubly curved morphologies, often seen in living organisms but difficult to replicate with man-made materials
Summary
1234567890():,; Morphing thin sheets, or two-dimensional (2D) materials, into programmed 3D shapes is emerging as a paradigm in additive manufacturing1,2. 3D-shaped 2D materials abound in man-made and biological systems and play diverse functions[3]. Inspired by biological morphogenesis and motions, in-plane growth-induced 3D shaping approaches have shown their unique capability to create shape-changing hydrogel structures with doubly curved morphologies and motions, commonly observed in living organisms but difficult to replicate in man-made structures[2,3,4]. With their physical properties similar to those of biological soft tissues, such hydrogel structures have great potential for bioinspired and biomedical applications[2,12]. Our flexible 2D printing process allows for sequential printing of multiple materials, enabling multimaterial 3D structures
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