Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is rediscovered as a 2D layered material. Since its first isolation in 2014, 2D BP has triggered tremendous interest in the fields of condensed matter physics, chemistry, and materials science. Given its unique puckered monolayer geometry, 2D BP displays many unprecedented properties and is being explored for use in numerous applications. The flexibility, large surface area, and good electric conductivity of 2D BP make it a promising electrode material for electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs). Here, the experimental and theoretical progress of 2D BP is presented on the basis of its preparation methods. The structural and physiochemical properties, air instability, passivation, and EESD applications of 2D BP are discussed systemically. Specifically, the latest research findings on utilizing 2D BP in EESDs, such as lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, and emerging technologies (lithium–sulfur batteries, magnesium‐ion batteries, and sodium‐ion batteries), are summarized. On the basis of the current progress, a few personal perspectives on the existing challenges and future research directions in this developing field are provided.
Highlights
Graphene in transforming the landscape of current electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs).[9,10] The unprecedented properties of graphene have led to massive research efforts on other 2D materials
We focus on the latest advances in the use of 2D BP in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and supercapacitors (SCs)
Unlike most 2D materials studied to date, which are stable under ambient conditions, BP exhibits air instability.[3,16]
Summary
Driven by the interesting properties and promising applications of 2D BP, concerted research efforts have been dedicated to developing various synthetic strategies for fabricating 2D BP. Reliable preparation methods, such as mechanical cleavage, liquid exfoliation, and chemical synthesis, have been explored to produce 2D BP for fundamental and applied research. All methods can generally be divided into top-down and bottom-up approaches. The topdown method typically uses mechanical force or chemical intercalation to break the weak van der Waals bonding among stacked layers to obtain mono- or few-layer nanosheets from bulk BP. The bottom-up approach relies on the direct synthesis of 2D BP from different molecule precursors via chemical reactions. We summarize the current methods used for fabrication along with highlights of their advantages and disadvantages (Figure 6)
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