Abstract
The benefit of being the last chapter in a book on fouling is those readers that have followed the logical progression have an appreciation for the complexity of fouling and for the myriad of threads of fouling research which are the foundation for the future. This chapter highlights a few research areas that illustrate concepts that give hope for the future of fouling management. In the best of circumstances new environmentally benign approaches are a minimum of two to three decades from commercialization. The more applied approaches, which all have unknown environmental impacts, should be available in niche applications in less than a decade. To continue with the hypothesis that progress in fouling management will be through a 'business as usual' model is untenable. Development and implementation of effective solutions to fouling and other global problems will require that science and society develop new paradigms that combine competition and cooperation in effective and relevant ways.
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