26 - Canine Parainfluenza Virus Infection

Abstract

•Cause: CPIV is a paramyxovirus that is related to parainfluenza viruses and mumps virus in humans (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Rubulavirus).•First Described: CPIV was first isolated from dogs with acute URTD in 1967.•Affected Hosts: Canids. Experimental infections in rodents, cats, and ferrets have been reported, but are a questionable clinical significance.•Geographic Distribution: Worldwide.•Route of Transmission: Aerosol, direct contact, fomites.•Major Clinical Signs: Nonspecific signs of URTD comprising harsh or honking cough, serous nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and fever (uncomplicated disease). May predispose to lower respiratory tract disease (bronchitis, pneumonia) that is usually associated with secondary bacterial infections, such as Bordetella bronchiseptica infections. CPIV has also been rarely associated with neurologic and enteric diseases in dogs.•Differential Diagnoses: Other causes of acute infectious URTD including, CAdV, CIV, CRCoV, CHV, B. bronchiseptica, and possibly reoviruses and canine pneumovirus. Less frequently, other causes of upper and lower respiratory diseases such as airway collapse, fungal or protozoal pneumonia, respiratory tract neoplasia, airway foreign bodies, chronic bronchitis, parasitic infections (such as Filaroides, Oslerus, Capillaria, Paragonimus, Dirofilaria), aspiration bronchopneumonia, and left-sided congestive heart failure.•Human Health Significance: None documented; clinical CPIV infections are limited to canids.