Abstract
Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Since the cardiovascular system (CVS) is complex, the use of computational models to diagnose and/or predict its behavior is a common practice, being of great interest in the case of certain pathologies. This work presents a novel electrical model of the CVS that extends the classical Windkessel models to the left common carotid artery for prototype validation or simulator generation. Methods The model has been validated by comparing the simulated hemodynamic parameters (pressure and flow) with the healthy state (nominal condition) that can be found in the literature and with preclinical and clinical experimental data obtained from catheterization trials in porcine (due to its similarities with human anatomy and hemodynamics) and human models, respectively. Results Model indices and experiments are consistent with each other and within the ranges suggested in the literature: heart rate (bpm) = 68 (model), 57-70 (experiments), 50-90 (literature); mean arterial pressure (mmHg) = 92 (model), 68-102 (experiments), 70-105 (literature). Also, the cardiovascular waveforms of the model confirm correct hemodynamics, being similar to those extracted from the experiments. Conclusion The similarity between the hemodynamic parameters of the model, the experiments and the literature confirm the validity of the proposed model, providing comparable results with the available preclinical and clinical data. This model will simplify and reduce costs associated with in vivo or in vitro cardiac experiments, as well as describe and simulate singular pathologies, such as aortic stenosis.
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