Abstract
Treatment of municipal and industrial sewage and wastewater is one of the many important biotechnological processes used globally. In recent decades several advances have been made to optimize the design and operation of wastewater treatment plants. The quality of effluent discharged relies on the structure and dynamics of the dominant microbial community present, which on one hand helps in removal of nitrogen and phosphorous from the wastewater and on other hand adds to major problems like bulking and foaming of sludge. The current chapter aims to summarize the use of varied techniques which help in determining diversity, composition, and dynamics of the bacterial community which could be used to revamp the performance and efficiency of wastewater treatment plants.
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