Abstract
Modalities of orbital surgery have evolved tremendously with the advent of endonasal approaches, initially performed to treat thyroid eye disease. With the development of endoscopic techniques, surgical indications of endonasal orbital surgery have broadened and now encompass a multitude of different diseases. To correctly approach the orbit and avoid complications, it is crucial to master the detailed orbital anatomy, to anticipate possible complications, and how to avoid and deal with them. This chapter discusses the main complications in endoscopic orbital surgery and explains the techniques on how to avoid them. Endoscopic orbital surgery is a feasible and increasingly performed procedure, with a low incidence of complications when performed by a team of experienced surgeons.
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