Abstract
The article deals with the two main theoretical trends of 20th-century linguistics: structural linguistics and generative grammar. After a short examination of some 19th-century theoretical trends, F. de Saussure's work is described. There follows a presentation of the most significant European and American structuralist schools. Then the birth and rise of generative grammar (until the so-called standard theory), as well as its impact on subsequent research, are presented. In particular, several trends stemming from the generative root and some more or less explicit alternatives to generative grammar (functionalism, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics) are discussed.
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