失衡的外交－國民黨與中俄交涉(1922-1924)

Abstract

Although the cooperation between Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet Union stemmed partly from the Kuomintang's respect for the Russian Revolution, the basis of their original cooperation lay in diplomacy. Since the Guangdong government failed to gain international recognition, it became a mere negotiating chip for the Russians. The goal of the Kuomintang was ”changing diplomacy into revolution.” The representatives of Soviet Russia showed time after time that they would negotiate with Sun Yat-sen in order to threaten the Beijing government, and then finally on the May 31, 1924 the Sino-Soviet Treaty was signed by Soviet Russia and the Beijing government. Restricted by public opinion and diplomatic strategies, the diplomatic intentions of Kuomintang leaders were always so covert and their attitudes toward the Mongolia issue so ambiguous that conflicts between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang-as well as conflicts among Kuomintang members-constantly erupted. The lopsided diplomacy between Guangdong and the Soviet Union, the collision of national interests between China and Russia, and the ideological tensions between Sun Yat-sen and the Bolsheviks led to the rise of the Kuomintang rightwing wishing to expel the Communists from the Kuomintang and crusading against the Soviet Union. Although this movement was quieted, it manifested the underlying reasons for the Kuomintang to later ”purify the Party” and oppose Russia. ”Fraternizing with Soviet Russia” is different from ”allying with Soviet Russia” in nature, but for several years they were woven together. Sometimes ”fraternizing with Soviet Russia” triumphed over ”allying with Soviet Russia” and sometimes ”allying with Soviet Russia” overcame ”fraternizing with Soviet Russia,” but overall the Kuomintang's attitude toward the Soviet Union moved from fraternization to alliance. Fraternization is seen from the Soviet's declarations to China to the Sun-Joffe Declaration. Fraternization and alliance varied with the state of Sino-Russian diplomatic negotiations from the Sun-Joffe Declaration to the May 31, 1924 Sino-Soviet Treaty. And after this, the period of real ”allying with Soviet Russia” commenced.