恩琴在外蒙古活動之研究(1920-1921)

Abstract

This thesis deals with Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg' s activities in Outer Mongolia during 1920-1921. He contributed greatly to the independence of Outer Mongolia. Having separated from Semenov he seized Urga in February 1921, and established an“Independent Government of Outer Mongolia” with Bogdo as its head in March 1921. Ungern’s activities became a serious concern for the Soviet government forcing the latter to pay more attention to Outer Mongolia. In March 1921, the Mongolian People' s Revolutionary party organized by Russian Communists occupied Kyakhta and established a Provisional government in Maimaichen. Ungern’s invasion of Outer Mongolia provided a good excuse for Soviet Russia to occupy Urga in July 1921. Ungern made Urga his main base and planned to attack Soviet Russia. His authority was extended to Kobdo, Wang-Kuren and Uliassutai（Uliastai） through making alliances with the local White Russian’ s troops. Ungern was a devout monarchist, who intended to establish a “Central Mongolian Empire”. His thinking was deeply influenced by Pan-Mongolism. And this “Central Mongolian Empire” was to combine the whole territory of Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet and Kyrghyzstan. This “Central Mongolian Empire” was to be ruled by Chinese emperor. So the primary task of “ Central Mongolian Empire” was assistance to the restoration of monarchy in China. And the “Central Mongolian Empire” will expected to be the major force in resisting Russian revolution. Ungern planned to restore tsar’s regime in Russia as well. But he failed to raise an anti-revolutionary movements in Russia, his troops mutinied and finally he was seized by the Red Army in August 1921, brought to trial and executed in September 1921. Besides clarifying many circumstances of Ungern’s activities. this study has two important conclusions：Firstly, Ungern’s activities and his fierce character as a detailed analysis of his personality and behavior, were influenced by his political and in a sense quite peculiar religious views. Secondly, though in the past most historians believed that Ungern’s activities were instigated and supported by Japan primary sources do not provide convincing evidence of this opinion. Although Japan helped Semenov to consolidate his military control in Transbaikal region during the Russian civil war, Ungern acted in Mongolia on his own.