1917년 2월 혁명의 첫날: 소련 정통 학설의 확립까지

Abstract

After the February Revolution, the views that on February 23, International Women’s Day, the revolution began with the sudden spread of workers’ strikes and demonstrations, and that the revolution only began on February 27 when soldiers revolted and the State Duma participated in the revolution waere at odds. Early Soviet historians adopted the view that the revolution began on February 23 following Bolshevik’s claim, but accepted the widespread view that the February revolution broke out spontaneously. However, some Bolsheviks argued in their memoirs that the Bolsheviks party actively engaged in revolutionary propaganda during the war and led the popular movement during the February Revolution. Their arguments were gradually reflected in the February revolutionary studies. In March 1927, denying Bolshevik’s organizational leadership in the February Revolution, Ia. A. Iakovlev argued for the spontaneous nature of the February Revolution, acknowledging Bolshevik’s ideological influence, and raised the possibility that the February 18th strike of Putilov factory could be regarded as the beginning of the Revolution. As the Stalinist regime was solidified in the 1930s, the February 18th strike of the Putilov factory was regarded as the beginning of the February Revolution, emphasizing the Bolshevik Party’s ideological and organizational leadership. Stalinist historiography began to falter after Stalin’s death in March 1953 and Khrushchev’s secret speech that criticized Stalin in February 1956. Especially after the “Burzhalov Affair,” Soviet historians were able to try some independent interpretation within official guidelines, and the evaluation of fellow historians became more important than the official guidelines. In the midst of these changes, historians gradually recognized the spontaneous nature of the popular movement, breaking away from the tendency to emphasize Bolshevik’s leadership in the February revolution. However, they still regarded February 17 or February 18 as the ‘first day’ of the February Revolution, when the Putilov strike began, rather than February 23, International Women’s Day. In 1965, Burzhalov clearly argued that the revolution began on February 23. He suggested the logic that due to the food crisis, on February 23, backward workers actively participated in strikes and demonstrations, and that women workers took the initiative because it was International Women’s Day, which enabled the workers’ strikes and demonstrations to develop into a popular revolution. Also, Burzhalov argued, the fact that the February 23 incidents were not planned by any political party and no one knew that the “Second Russian Revolution” was beginning on this day shows the spontaneous nature of the February Revolution. He stressed that only the Bolshevik-workers tried to guide the spontaneous movement on this day. Burzhalov’s view gradually established itself as an orthodox theory of the February Revolution in the Soviet Union. (Chonnam National University / sachpark@jnu.ac.kr)