18. Sustainable Tourism Development

T his study measures the implementation process for the implementation of sustainable tourism, which generally aims to maintain ecological tourism destinations in a long time, getting feasibility economically, ethically and socially equitable for local communities. The Ministry of Tourism in Act No. 10 of 2009 explicitly pouring ideas and support in the development of sustainable tourism that is necessary efforts to increase tourism's contribution to economic development, public welfare, strengthening of social values and culture, and environmental protection. In accordance with the definition of sustainable tourism development as stated in the Charter for Sustainable Tourism (1995) is, supported development of ecologically well as economically viable, ethically and socially equitable for society. The tourism sector has not contributed real and direct the economy of local communities in tourism destinations. The development of tourism in Indonesia should be able to increase the quality of life (particularly local), to create added value and strengthen the local culture and social values and local wisdom. The assessment will look at the main aspects that should be considered in the development of sustainable tourism. Phasing and assessment measures and methods that will be pursued are: to prepare the standards and criteria for sustainable tourism development that is intended to be applicable at the destination. This study will generally see an outline of the three phases of activity in the development of sustainable tourism which is done through the process of STD, STO and STC. This study will limit the scope of stages Sustainable Tourism Observatory (STO) to get to the Sustainable Tourism Certification (STC). Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) in the study aims to maintain ecological tourism destinations in a long time, getting feasibility economically, ethically and socially equitable for local communities as well as having an output convergence meeting, coordination meetings and research meeting in these destinations. Sustainable Tourism Observatory (STO), is an activity that is conducted with the cooperation between the ministries of tourism, local governments and higher education area that aims to provide recommendations for the development of sustainable tourism, both the central government, local governments, local communities and other stakeholders , The focus of this study is the implementation of the Sustainable Tourism Observatory (STO) that uses the basics of votes according to the criteria of sustainable tourism for destinations. Whatever method of determining the assessment criteria consist of several parts, namely: a) sustainable management of effective management; b) maximize the economic benefits to the local community and minimize negative impacts; c) maximize the benefits to the community, visitors, and culture; minimize the negative impacts; d) to maximize the benefits to the environment and minimize negative impacts. This methodology explicitly used to design, assess, monitor, evaluate and mitigate and understand the paradigm framework of thinking in the development of sustainable tourism were planned and carried out at tourism destinations. The final results of this study provide recommendations after the criteria are met by the development of sustainable tourism for tourist destinations. The recommendations provide a reference methodological and recommendations in the field of tourism sustainability. Support capacity building on tourism stakeholders to foster participation / public participation, policy trends and the impact of tourism through the development of sustainable tourism as a standard and criteria for Sustainable Tourism Observatory (STO) that can be applied in Indonesia. The application emphasizes the principles of sustainability, which refers to aspects of environmental, economic and socio-cultural development of tourism, and an appropriate balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee long - term sustainability.

The second volume of Atna comes to you with our humble efforts to enrich tourism literature in India. We are delighted with the overwhelming response to the I volume from distinguished readers across India and abroad. Inspired by the constructive comments to the I volume, the second volume of Atna continue to incorporate articles on diverse areas of tourism such as sustainable tourism, heritage, medical tourism, cruises, cuisines, education, aviation etc.
 Raiesh N Ragde and Maduri T Sawant in their article on 'Proficiency of Foreign Languages : A study of the approved tourist guides of Aurangabad Region' state that, most of the tourist guides engaged in tourism business do not have proficiency of foreign languages, resulting in lack of appreciation of their role and responsibilities. Nedelea and Babu P George presents a case study of sustainable tourism development in Eastern Europe. This article points to the problems faced by hospitality and tourism industry in Romania and force the tourism sector to contemplate on the approaches towards sustainable tourism development. Strategies for sustainable eco-tourism by Maduri T Sawant examines the overall development of tourism and suggests strategies for sustainable tourism development.
 Sindhu Joseph critically analyses the potential and present stage of development of Bekal beach resort in Kerala in her article 'Special tourism Area- a critical study of Bekal.' 'Management of Eco-tourism sites: A case study of Aianta Ellora caves' by Raiesh N Ragde and Maduri Sawant highlights that the heritage contributes to the richness of any landscape and can attract innumerable tourists looking for cultural experiences in eco-friendly environment.
 Prospects of developing Medical tourism in India authored by Binoy T A draws attention to the pivotal role of medical tourism and calls for coordinated promotional strategies to develop medical tourism. Paramita Suklabaidya explores the potential of cruises as tourism product and the reasons for its growing popularity worldwide in her article 'New Age Tourism Product: The Cruise Industry - the Fastest growing Tourism Sector'. Gastronomy tourism can be a pull factor for many tourism market segments and the role of Gastronomy Tourism in promoting Jharkhand as a Tourist Destination is beautifully presented by Mohinder Chand, Ashish Dahiya and Lata S Patil.
 Issues of effective teaching and learning in tourism education by Toney K. Thomas reviews and evaluates the effectiveness of the application of skills in the industry. Joby Thomas and P. Pakkerappa in their article highlight the crucial role of HRD in airline industry to cope UP with the challenges of advancement in technology, changing market scenario, industry restructuring and more competitive business environment. To demonstrate the techniques of implementing intrapreneurship with examples from the tourism industry a case of Southwest Airlines of USA, is presented by Jyothirmoy Ghosh and Anianeya Swamy, and portrays how the intrapreneurship principles are applied effectively in tourism sector.
 On behalf of the editorial board I extend sincere gratitude to all the authors for contributing their scholarly articles to Atna. We look forward to the support, guidance and encouragement of academicians, researchers, professionals and well wishers of tourism and hospitality sector in our future endeavours.
 Joby Thomas
 Executive Editor

PROBLEM OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN UKRAINE UNDER GLOBALIZATION

The article examines the problems of tourism development in Ukraine, with particular emphasis on rural tourism. The need for economic revival of rural areas of Ukraine, combined with the growing emphasis on sustainable development and European integration, has created a new challenge for tourism as a potential tool for achieving these important goals at the same time. The development of sustainable rural tourism has become a priority of national tourism policies and/or strategies in many countries of the world. This article presents proposals for promoting the development of rural tourism in Ukraine. The article analyzes how the principles of sustainable tourism are of particular importance for the development of rural tourism, and examines how these principles can be put into practice through the implementation of regional rural tourism strategies. The advantages of this approach are discussed and recommendations for modern practitioners are offered. On the basis of the study of the current state of development of rural tourism in Ukraine, current problems related to the process of sustainable development of regions during the war and determination of ways to increase the competitiveness of rural areas of Ukraine are considered. In connection with the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine, the article mostly analyzes the state of development of rural tourism in the western region of Ukraine, where this development is currently possible. However, the article emphasizes the need to develop rural tourism as a tool for increasing the competitiveness of rural areas in all regions of Ukraine in the post-war period. The article also substantiates the need for the development of rural tourism in mountainous, remote areas, villages, as an important stimulus for the socio-economic development of these territories. Rural tourism is, first of all, the preservation of Ukrainian traditions, the revival of crafts, the reduction of unemployment in villages, and the raising of wages to the urban level. In accordance with the European integration processes in Ukraine, the development of rural tourism can become a powerful tool for attracting investments with effective stimulation. We consider the rural tourism development strategy to be such a stimulating mechanism for increasing the competitiveness of rural areas of Ukraine. The article proposes the main tasks and goals for such a strategy.

1. Introduction 2. The Case of Inkaterra: Pioneering Ecotourism in Peru 3. Integrated Circuits as a Tool for the Development of Sustainable Tourism in the Amazon 4. Bringing Sustainability to the Brazilian Hotel Industry 5. Preferences Regarding Restoration and Development at Copan Archeological Park 6. Mamiraua: Community Based Ecotourism in a Sustainable Development Reserve in the Amazon Basin 7. Ecuador: Huaorani Ecolodge 8. Tourism in the Peruvian Amazon: Experiences of a Private-Communal Partnership 9. Key issues and challenges to the development of Community-based Ecotourism in Guatemala 10. Tourism cluster among livestock: the Case of Bonito (MS), Brazil 11. Diversified Nature Tourism on St. Vincent 12. Can Ecotourism Support Coral Reef Conservation? Experiences of Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd in Zanzibar / Tanzania 13. Blossoms & Butterflies, Waterfalls and Dragonflies: Integrating Insects in the Hospitality and Tourism Industries through Swarm Supposition 14. Sustainable Tourism Development in the Masai Mara National Reserve Kenya: Stakeholder Perspectives 15. Ecotourism in Vulnerable Regions: Opportunities and Obstacles to Development - The Case of Cantanhez, Guine-Bissau 16. Minimission-Tourism in Ethiopia: A New Subspecies of Sustainable Volunteer Tourism? 17. Botswana: The Selinda Reserve 18. Sustainable Development of a Remote Tourist Destination: The Case of Soomaa National Park, Estonia 19. Challenges in Rural Ethnic Tourism Development: A Case Study from Yunnan, China 20. Hotel Management Education in Bhutan: Teaching Sustainable Principles 21. Investigating Potential Benefits of Proposed Eco-retrofits to an Existing Tourist Lodge in the Sundarbans, India 22. Urban Green Parks: Sustainable Tourism, Biodiversity and Quality Of Life: A Case Study 23. Philippine Sustainable Tourism Initiatives: Issues and Challenges 24. Turtle Night Watch Nature Tourism: Sharing Benefits to Sustain Local Community and Sea Turtles in Rekawa Sanctuary, Sri Lanka 25. Six Senses Hideaway Ninh Van Bay, Vietnam: Where Luxury Meets Sustainable Tourism 26. Tourist Destinations with Planned Interventions: The Success of Kumily in Kerala, India 27. The Development and Promotion Guidelines of Organic Farms for Sustainable Tourism

The Success of Rural Community-Based Tourism Development from the Perspective of the Local Community (Case Study: Asiab-Sar Village, Behshahr County)

The need for the economic revival of rural areas, combined with the growing emphasis on sustainability, has created a new challenge for tourism as a potential means of achieving these two political goals simultaneously. The development of sustainable rural tourism has become a priority of national tourism policies and/or strategies in many countries. This paper evaluates whether national strategies for rural tourism development lead to sustainability. To achieve this goal, the case study approach is utilised, with the Polish National Strategy for Rural Tourism Development constituting the subject of the case. Inskeep's model Action Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development provides the framework for the evaluation of the Polish strategy. Features of the Polish strategy that may lead to and/or constitute obstacles to sustainability are identified. Against the background of this example, future issues related to the process of sustainable rural tourism development in comparable countries are addressed.

Tourism has emerged as one of the strategic instruments and policy tools for community and regional development in Southern Africa (Rogerson, 2007 in Saarinen, et al. 2009). Gradually, tourism is rotating to the political centre stage as an instrument of social and economic empowerment (Binns & Nel, 2002). Consequently, local government authorities have instituted initiatives for promoting tourism as a sustainable economic driver in their municipalities. Sustainable rural tourism development is widely supported because it does not threaten the integrity of the ecological and social systems upon which communities and societies are dependent. Marien & Pizam in Wahab & Pigram (2004:165) argue that since communities are constantly changing, like the nature of tourism, evaluating community’s sensitivity and associated impacts should not be regarded as an temporary event but as an ongoing process. This study focuses on the strategic development of sustainable rural tourism in the rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal, more specifically Ntambanana Municipality. The objectives of the study were as follows: (a) To identify natural and sociocultural resources that can be used for rural tourism development. (b) To assess the participation level of local communities in tourism development. (c) To establish the extent to which the tourism policies and strategies are implemented. (d) To identify the capacity of the local communities to develop tourism products. (e) To reveal the challenges that impede sustainable rural tourism development. Data from a sample size of 320 were collected and analysed using the SPSS programme. The findings of the study indicated that there is potential for natural, cultural and heritage tourism due to the existence of a variety of related resources. The findings, however, indicated that local people are not aware of these resources hence the lack of participation in tourism development. Various strategies were suggested for raising social awareness and the promotion of cultural and heritage resources in the rural area. Keywords: Tourism, rural tourism, sustainable tourism development, socio-cultural resources.

Actuality. The tourism sector in the Republic of Moldova is growing in the context of a rather difficult period due to the economic and pandemic crises. This fact is due to the role of central and local authorities on sustainable development policies and strategies that have been and are being implemented for the development of tourism in the Republic of Moldova. Various forms of tourism can be practiced on the territory of the country, which, capitalized and supported by central and local authorities, can become the business card of domestic tourist destinations. One of these forms is sports tourism, which in recent years has acquired a special connotation, being more and more popular and with a significant increase. In this context, the central and local authorities collaborate in the perspective of the development of this form of tourism which, as demonstrated by the last sports events organized by the Republic of Moldova, are able to attract many athletes who are accompanied by both technical staff and microbiologists or close people that support them in their developments, a phenomenon that assumes that all those mentioned will use a range of tourist services on the territory of the Republic of Moldova (accommodation, food, transport, excursions, etc.), which will ensure their temporary stay in the area where the sporting event takes place . Purpose. Examining the contribution of central and local authorities in the sustainable development of sports tourism. Research methods. In order to carry out the study, there were applied methods that ensured the achievement of the established objectives, among them can be listed: the analysis of the specialized scientific-methodical literature, observation, methods of processing and quantitative and qualitative analysis of statistical data. Findings and results. The development of sports tourism can have a sustainable aspect if it is based on both economic and social and environmental objectives. Since sustainable development is a fundamental objective of the European Union, it must also be addressed in the field of sports tourism, and this fact is achieved by the central public authorities through the development of strategies for the development of the tourism sector, namely the Tourism Development Strategy in the Republic of Moldova between 2003 -2015, Tourism Development Strategy "Tourism 2020", National Tourism Development Program "Tourism 2026". All of them have a special role in the development of sports tourism, at each stage of this form of tourism being given a certain status and connotation depending on the developments on the international tourist market. In recent years, tourism at the local level has received significant attention from central and local authorities, the reason being the stimulation of the attractiveness of tourist destinations at the community level that can become a source of income for local budgets. In this context, at the local level, the authorities through various mechanisms try to develop the tourism sector depending on the existing tourism potential, the available infrastructure, but also within the limits of the existing financial sources. This fact required the creation of tourism development strategies, or sustainable, socio-economic and integrated development strategies in which a separate segment is dedicated to the tourism and sports sectors at district level, which set priorities for the development of various forms of tourism, including sports, as a form of tourism that can ensure the development of local communities, by: creating jobs, developing small and medium enterprises, etc. At the same time, they include a series of actions for the valorization of sports tourism, which are mostly focused on: the development of sports infrastructure, the promotion of tourism forms including sports, the holding of sports events, etc. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), sporting events can be a catalyst for tourism development if they are successfully exploited in terms of destination branding, infrastructure development and other economic and social benefits. In the Republic of Moldova, in recent years, more attention has been paid to the development of the appropriate infrastructure to ensure the holding of sports events, but also the practice of various sports events, but there are still great reservations in this regard, especially since this is mainly in the capital and less at the regional or local level, and the development of sports tourism is not possible without a technical-material base and tourist destinations prepared for such a tourism form. In the last five years in the Republic of Moldova there has been an increase in sports buildings, and an example is the construction of the "Chisinau Arena" complex, which has already hosted a series of events attended by hundreds of athletes and spectators, and an eloquent one was the Championship European weightlifting among young people that brought together 346 athletes, but also members of their technical staff, as well as supporters. However, at the regional level, the local authorities try to develop this form of tourism within the limits of financial possibilities, by creating the necessary infrastructure that meets international requirements to be able to organize sports events that attract both athletes and their teams, as well as tourists who are interested in sports activities during their travels, regardless of whether sports is the main purpose of it. In addition to the precarious economic situation at the national level and at the regional level, in the last five years, the sports edifices register both slight increases in some structures and decreases in certain regional areas, a fact that highlights that the sports tourism sector is stagnant and does not contribute significantly to the development of local destinations. Conclusions and recommendations. As a result of the research carried out regarding the role of the central and local authorities in the Republic of Moldova in the sustainable development of sports tourism, it can be mentioned that they have elaborated development strategies, which assume the valorization of sports tourism for the economic development of local communities. In recent years, they have been reviewed and adapted to international requirements, and this fact is starting to bring economic benefits to the destination where the sports events take place (example: the European Weightlifting Championship in 2023). At the same time, at the local level, the authorities have well-established directions until 2026 regarding the development of sports tourism and its forms, such as: nautical tourism, aero tourism, mountaineering, etc. Not following the directions drawn, sports buildings at the national level do not register a significant improvement, and this fact endangers the development of sports tourism. Thus, it is recommended to develop a concept for the development of this form of tourism with an emphasis on the initial development of the areas where this form of tourism has real chances of development.

The tourism sector is one of the supports for the Indonesian economy as well as a major foreign exchange contributor to the country. However, the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 caused the contribution of tourism to GDP to fall by 56%, namely to only 2.2% of the total economy. According to one online travel service platform in Indonesia, the cities of Bandung, Yogyakarta and Bali are areas that are frequently visited by tourists in Indonesia for domestic and foreign tourists. However, there is one area in East Java which is currently famous for its tourist destination, namely Banyuwangi Regency. Banyuwangi Regency is an area that has very broad tourism potential. However, unfortunately the number of tourists which experienced a decline until the Covid-19 period was over has not yet recovered to the number of visits before the pandemic. Several efforts have been made by Banyuwangi tourism managers in order to increase visits by local and foreign tourists. Several strategies implemented are still not able to increase the number of tourist arrivals in Banyuwangi. This research will focus on conducting exploration and existence as a marketing effort, especially on social media to provide a sustainable tourism impact in Banyuwangi district. A qualitative approach was taken to tourism visitors, tourism business people and tourism managers in Banyuwangi over the past year. Promotion via social media has been proven to be able to provide effective results in attracting tourist visits. Online promotion and maintenance of offline tourism facilities and infrastructure must be able to be carried out to produce sustainable and attractive tourism in the future. It is hoped that this research will be able to provide benefits in sustainable tourism development for the development of tourist cities, especially regarding the tourism sector in Banyuwangi.

The issues of tourism sustainability and urban development have become major priorities for public policy makers across the globe. Today, maybe more than ever, there is a need for managing sustainable tourism development, and this cannot be attained without taking into account environmental problems and their global dimension. Various problems and requirements of society and of the development of urban areas may be solved by transforming the cities into attractive tourist destinations. Therefore, this study explores how sustainable tourism development in urban areas can be basically achieved and managed. The paper discloses some success factors for managing sustainable tourism development in urban areas and emphasizes a case study regarding Bucharest, the capital of Romania, as a tourist destination. The originality and value of this study consist of identifying the main ways of developing sustainable tourism in Bucharest based upon empirical research conducted with the aid of a survey. The findings of this study may be helpful for upcoming research in the area of managing sustainable urban tourism development.

The Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve (SNR) is located in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Northern Serbia). The favorable position implies the proximity to large cities with which it has good traffic connections. Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, and other countries from the region represent a dispersive zone. The topic of this paper is the function that the SNR has in sustainable tourism development. The objective of this work is the analytical research of the available written data, as well as those obtained after the conducted survey. The basis of the research is to find out how and to what extent the SNR contributes to sustainable tourism development. The research was carried out by measuring the value of sustainable tourism indicators, and examining the attitudes of residents, visitors, and students about the current state of sustainable tourism and the importance of the SNR for future tourism development. Respondents were selected using a random sample method. The authors used qualitative and quantitative methodologies in the paper. This research examined the SNR sustainable development by measuring sustainability indicators and surveying 1884 respondents (714 residents, 620 visitors, and 550 students) about sustainable tourism in the SNR. The obtained data were analyzed and presented with the help of SPSS v. 21 software. The research results can be used to create national and international strategies for sustainable tourism development.

In the past few decades, tourism has significantly impacted the ecological, social, and environmental dimensions, making sustainability facilitation more vital. These aspects are also regarded as the primary pillars of sustainable tourism development. Culture is the cornerstone for accomplishing sustainable tourism research and practice goals in many domains. Culture has received very little attention despite being the deeply rooted and reliable framework for human existence. As a part of cultural tourism, even Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) has been largely ignored in sustainable tourism development. Moreover, the varied sustainability dimensions do not explain cultural sustainability indicators and how these indicators influence sustainable cultural tourism development. Therefore, firstly, this research aims to develop and measure a new scale for Cultural Sustainability Indicators and Sustainable Cultural Tourism Development (SCTD) and, secondly, to examine the influence of Cultural Sustainability Indicators on SCTD growth. In this sense, data was gathered from tourism stakeholders using self-administered questionnaires. A total of 1000 respondents completed the questionnaire; 949 of those responses were deemed legitimate. The new scale development identified the seven most important cultural sustainability indicators- Authenticity, Awareness, Commodification and Transformation, Empowerment, Parallel Development, Promotion, and Sustainability Practices, and one indicator of SCTD growth-SCTD, through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in SPSS 20. Further, to investigate the influence of cultural sustainability indicators on the growth of SCTD, additional analysis is conducted using PLS-SEM in Smart PLS 4. The study results showed that, except for parallel development and promotion, the five cultural sustainability indicators significantly and positively influence SCTD. Thus, the study concludes that culture is one of the most important aspects of developing a sustainable tourism industry and may be used to assess the sustainability of tourist destinations. The primary contribution of this work is a scale that depicts current perspectives and solutions for the cultural tourism sector as perceived by different stakeholders.

The purpose – The purpose of this project is to investigate what a landscape architecture approach could add to sustainable tourism development. Design – Spatial design is used as tool to investigate the chances and possibilities of sustainable tourism. Methodology – In the project we used research by design as method. This is done by doing a case study on the Dubrovnik Riviera, where we tested our concepts, ideas and methods in practice. During the case study we used participation, the layer approach of de Hoog and Sijmons (1996) and the landscape approach of Koh (2010) as our main methods. Approach – Using the local landscape and culture as base and inspiration for the development of sustainable tourism. Combined with tourism trends and the input of local stakeholders we worked out a spatial plan. Findings – The landscape including natural and cultural qualities can serve as a perfect base for the development of new forms of sustainable tourism: − A touristic region should function as a system, where all villages are working together adding something unique to the whole system − An efficient extensive public transport network and zoning can help developing a region sustainable − A combination between a bottom-up and top-down approach is needed to implement sustainable tourism, creating preconditions for each other to function optimally. So, we can conclude that a landscape-based design approach gives a significant new insight in how sustainable tourism can be developed in practice. The originality of this research – The landscape architecture approach fills the gap between ideas about sustainable tourism and the practical applicability of it. Using the local landscape and culture sets a sustainable framework for developing sustainable tourism and results in a working tourism system led by the local community. Using landscape architecture in sustainable tourism development is a new, but very interesting and promising addition to the current research and concrete development.

Objective: To know the perception of the resident population on the multidimensional variables of sustainable tourism in sun and beach destinations in the province of Manabí, Ecuador. Theoretical reference: Within this process, methodologies developed by researchers who have worked in nature tourism, conservation and sustainable development were used. The contributions used as theoretical reference are related to the Organization for World Economic Cooperation and Development and its Pressure-State-Response model (OECD 1993); the methodology designed by Torres and Guzmán (2020) through the ISSOT tool to study the variables associated with the multidimensional nature of sustainable tourism or those developed by Casas et al. (2017) and Salvatore, Chiodo and Fantinni (2018). Method: This study was developed through mixed research with an exploratory descriptive approach. For this research, the use of the deductive method was considered for the processing and analysis of data and information collected. From the processed data, a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data was implemented to achieve a greater understanding of the perception that residents have regarding the impacts generated by tourism in these destinations. Results and conclusion: The results analyzed in this work aim to make contributions to the orientation, design and implementation of public policies in Ecuadorian sun and beach destinations based on a more inclusive, equitable and sustainable tourism development. This requires considering that the benefits and costs perceived by residents play a fundamental role in the local tourism development process, as they will have a greater willingness to accept this development to the extent that the former surpass the latter. Implications of the research: The results of this research have served to validate the criteria, guidelines and variables related to the planning, management and sustainable development of tourism in the territory, all with a strategic and sustainable long-term approach that allows generating positive benefits for local rural populations without degrading ecosystems and through the conservation of natural heritage. Originality/value: This work is an authentic and original work that has been developed for several years through the Academy and scientific research in different territories of continental and insular Ecuador, which seeks to establish real data that allows generating valuable information for more effective and efficient decision making from the point of sustainability and local development.