Abstract
Kidney and bladder are two organs of human urinary tract. They are widely studied in tissue-engineering field. Kidney disease is a global health issue. Kidney transplantation is the gold standard solution for kidney failure. However, it is often insufficient due to critical shortage of donors and undesired host immune response, resulting in kidney rejection. Bladder replacement or augmentation is mandatory in a variety of urological disorders, including cancer, trauma, neurogenic bladder, and contracted bladder. Bladder repairs are usually associated with several postoperative problems, for example, stone formation, urine retention, and infection. Tissue engineering (TE) provides an alternative therapeutic approach for the replacement of urinary tract tissues. In an ideal biomaterial design the main functions of these organs should be recapitulated such as blood filtration, urine formation function of kidney and urine storage, voiding, and release function of bladder. This chapter presents a brief review of current advancements in kidney and bladder TE and a discussion of the perspectives of future trends in TE in urology.
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