Abstract
The process of transport of fluid flux is generally described in terms of adsorption, diffusion, absorption, and permeability. Concrete has a highly heterogeneous and complex structure; therefore, it is difficult to constitute exact models of the concrete structure from which the behavior of the material can be reliably predicted. The gel is composed of gel particles and interstitial voids, known as gel pores. Capillary pores represent the spaces not filled by solid components of the hardened cement paste; therefore, the volume and size of the capillary voids depend on the distance among unhydrated cement particles in the freshly mixed cement paste (that is, water–cement ratio) and the degree of hydration. Air voids in concrete are formed either because of entrapped air during casting, or they are intentionally entrained by using an air-entraining agent. Chemically combined water is the water that is an integral part of the structure of various cement hydration products. This water is not lost on drying; however, upon heating at elevated temperatures, the decomposition of hydrates releases it. Absorption is the process by which concrete takes in a fluid because of capillary suction in pores to fill the space within the material.
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