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Abstract
The biorefinery concept is analogous to petroleum refinery (Petrorefinery) that utilizes nonrenewable petroleum to produce a wide range of products, mainly fuels, electricity, heat, chemicals, and various materials. Biorefinery processes employ renewable biomass to replace crude oil, natural gas, or other fossil energy resources. Like petroleum refinery, the biorefinery is composed of two main processes: upstream processing and downstream processing. The upstream processes include all activities for gathering the raw materials required to create the desired precursors. In the downstream process, the precursors derived from biomass can be converted into building blocks of biochemicals through five leading platforms: bio-syngas, sugar, lignin, lipids/oil, and protein. Although the drive toward utilizing renewable resources like biomass is well aware, the production of bio-derived products has been hindered by its economic uncompetitiveness compared to the fossil-based process. Therefore, improving the design for unit operations and processes to utilize process inputs and energy to maximum efficiency is the key to success for sustainable implementation of the biorefinery process. This chapter thus discusses the unit operations potentially used in the downstream process. The underlying principle for selecting proper unit operations, especially the reactor type and separation process in biorefinery, is provided.
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