Abstract
Monsoon plays a pivotal role in the sustenance of India's food–water security, prosperity and agro-ecological systems. An estimated ∼60% of the total population in the Indian subcontinent is dependent on monsoonal rainfall. The fluctuations and changes in Indian Monsoon rainfall on spatial and temporal scale is closely linked to meridional shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and irregular periodic events such as El Niño Southern Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Indian Ocean Dipole. The proxy reconstruction of monsoon precipitation variability and drought recurrence history in the Indian subcontinent during Holocene indicates spells of monsoon failures. The characteristics and mechanisms explaining the climate fluctuations and variability are still a major issue to be resolved. Therefore, to present a comprehensive picture and understanding of the abrupt changes in Indian monsoon precipitation, we have made observations from the paleoclimate records across Indian subcontinent spanning over Holocene epoch. Furthermore, in order to assess the interannual and intraseasonal variabilities coupled to teleconnections, the monthly rainfall data retrieved from global precipitation products are analyzed. This chapter provides the momentous assessment of forcing factors on the Indian summer monsoon variability for future policy frameworks in different sectors.
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