Abstract
Gem deposits are rare because the geological conditions needed to produce them are exceptional; for example, in order for emerald to form, beryllium must come into contact with chromium or vanadium, which occur in very different geochemical environments. These exceptional geological conditions make gem deposits worthy of scientific study. Here, the authors review the geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, and other gem beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz, and jade deposits. Diamonds and diamond deposits have been intensively studied, and classification schemes, deposit models, and exploration protocols are highly developed and broadly accepted. The situation is much less clear for the other gems, and there is ample scope for future scientific research.
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