Abstract
This chapter discusses the matrices and related results. The identity matrix is a diagonal matrix I in which all entries in the leading diagonal is unity. The null matrix is all zeros. An m × n matrix A is equivalent to an m × n matrix B if, and only if, B = PAQ for suitable nonsingular m × m and n × n matrices P and Q, respectively. A quadratic form involving the n real variables that are associated with the real n × n matrix A = [aij] is the scalar expression.
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