Abstract
Residual unburned carbon (UBC) in fly ash has long been the most common barrier to utilizing ash in high-value concrete applications, mainly because the air entrainment agents (AEAs) added to concrete to create an air void system resistant to freeze-thaw cycles have great affinity to carbon surfaces. Therefore when UBC is present, AEAs tend to adsorb into these carbon surfaces instead of generating air voids that result in premature concrete failures. For this reason, fly ash sources with high amounts of residual carbon are rendered unusable in concrete. Technologies to remove residual carbon or neutralize its effects have been developed and deployed for nearly two decades in order to provide fly ash that does not interfere with air entrainment in concrete.
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