Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine derivative as a powerful heterocyclic compound for the elimination of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The tetrahydropyrimidine derivative was prepared during 30 min of milling by planetary ball mill with a ball-to-powder mass ratio of 8:1 and a rotation speed of 750 rpm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) were used to identify the obtained tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives. Furthermore, batches of experiments were carried out to establish the adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic variables of the tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives for toxic heavy Cd(II) ions. The adsorption data were simulated by applying the Langmuir manner, the Freundlich equation, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. The adsorption procedure was discovered to be very influenced by PH. The removal of heavy metal ions reached a maximum value quickly within 6 min and the adsorption data better adjusted the Langmuir isotherm than that of the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum Cd(II) ions adsorption capacity was approximated to be 151.16 mg g−1 at 328 K and a pH of 6 to 7. It was found that the adsorption kinetics of Cd(II) ions obeyed pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics. The examination of the thermodynamic variables of tetrahydropyrimidine derivative showed a spontaneous endothermic adsorption procedure. Otherwise, positive entropy values put forward a rise in the randomness at the solid-solution interface when heavy metal ions are adsorbed.
Highlights
The global pollution rate is increasing due to many different factors, such as the high heavy metal discharge concentrations from industries
Cadmium is not biodegradable, and exposure to this pollutant can lead to various diseases and disorders [1]
Various adsorbents have been applied to remove the ions of heavy metal, such as activated carbon [3], clays [4,5], zeolites [6,7,8], and agricultural residues [9,10,11,12]
Summary
The global pollution rate is increasing due to many different factors, such as the high heavy metal discharge concentrations from industries. In addition to other toxic heavy metals such as lead and copper, cadmium is a highly toxic heavy metal and is known as one of the most dangerous to human health. Cadmium is not biodegradable, and exposure to this pollutant can lead to various diseases and disorders [1]. Various adsorbents have been applied to remove the ions of heavy metal, such as activated carbon [3], clays [4,5], zeolites [6,7,8], and agricultural residues [9,10,11,12]. The major drawbacks of these adsorbents are their low adsorption capacity and their difficulties in separating some of them
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