Abstract
The steroid hormones estradiol-17β and progesterone serve key roles in female reproductive function and behavior by binding to their cognate receptors in the uterus, ovaries, mammary glands, and brain. In non-pregnant cycling females, estrogens and progesterone produced by the ovaries serve critical roles in endometrial development and its preparation for blastocyst attachment and implantation and mammary gland development and differentiation. Progesterone is the predominant steroid hormone of pregnancy and is required for mammary gland development and the maintenance of myometrial (uterine smooth muscle) quiescence. In this chapter, we have reviewed the structural and functional properties of estrogen and progesterone receptors, their mechanisms of action, and the roles of coactivators and corepressors in their regulation of target gene expression. The use of gene-targeted mice to assess the biological functions of estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, and progesterone receptor PR-A and PR-B isoforms also is considered.
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