Abstract
No other apparel or garment has received such wide acceptability for so many years since its inception by so many people irrespective of age, classes, gender and status as denim trousers, popularly known as ‘blue jeans’, a 100% cotton product. With time, it has gone from being a symbol of cowboys to a common garment for all men, women, youth and well-off people. It has evolved from work wear to casual wear, and then to premium and functional wear. Denim washing industries mostly use cellulase enzyme, alone or preferably combined with pumice stone to achieve a soft handle and/or a purported worn look. However, to address issues relating to environmental concerns associated with traditional washing, apart from meeting growing market demands for denim, research has been undertaken to obtain equivalent or better quality of appearance and manufacturing conditions by adopting eco-friendly emerging processing techniques such as laser, plasma, ozone and sand-blasting. In many cases, oxygen cold plasma has been attempted to desize and fade the colour of denim. The faded effect is comparable to a suitable enzyme-treated sample. Three laser sources, namely beams from an Nd:YAG laser (1.064μm and its second harmonic, 532nm), a CTH:YAG laser (2.09μm) and a CO2 laser (10.6μm), were explored for denim processing; of these, the CO2 laser was found to be the most suitable and efficient for denim processing. The current chapter discusses the application of emerging water-free technologies in denim processing and technological advancements in traditional processes to make them environmentally friendly.
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