Abstract
High negative affect, high approach, low fear, disinhibition, and callous–unemotional traits seem to contribute to developmental pathways to disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Yet, assessment and treatment have yet to be targeted to such traits in order to better intervene in the development of these disorders. Two potential avenues involve (1) early identification of callous–unemotional traits and negative affect, surgency, and effortful control and (2) implementing tailored personalized interventions targeted to these traits. Future research should examine the efficacy of such interventions and treatments. In addition, more comprehensive tests of models of comorbidity are needed in order to mark and treat complex and severe outcomes. Finally, more empirical work is needed in relation to understudied disorders such as intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, and kleptomania.
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